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Evaluative Criteria
In the recommendations above, the following criteria
are used to identify strength of evidence and risk of harm.

Strength of Evidence Risk of Harm

Strength of Evidence Risk of Harm
Conditional Mimimal
Clinical experience and/or expert opinion and/or Risk of self-limited symptoms; no risk of loss of
conflicting studies; biological mechanism at least function or corrective intervention anticipated;
partly explained. observation only.

Strength of Evidence Risk of Harm
Limited Mild
One study showing correlation between intervention Risk of symptoms; no risk of loss of function or
and outcome; compelling ATMs and/or PCFs; quality of life; minor evaluative and/or therapeutic
biological mechanism at least partly explained. intervention needed.

Strength of Evidence Risk of Harm
Moderate
Two independent studies (one of which is Significant
LOE = 1 or 2) showing correlation between Risk of temporary loss of function or quality of life;
intervention and outcome; biological mechanism at significant evaluative and/or therapeutic interven-
tion needed.
least partly explained.
Strength of Evidence Risk of Harm
Strong Severe
Two independent studies (both LOE = 1 or 2) Risk of permanent symptoms, loss of function,
showing correlation between intervention and quality of life, or death; long-term evaluative and/or
outcome; biological mechanism fully explained therapeutic intervention needed.
or partly explained and having one additional
correlative study.

Note: This resource is only intended to identify botanical and nutraceutical and botanical agents that may boost your
immune system. It is not meant to recommend any treatments, nor have any of these been proven effective against
coronavirus. None of these practices are intended to be used in lieu of other recommended treatments. Always consult
your physician or healthcare provider prior to initiation. For up-to-date information on COVID-19, please consult the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at www.cdc.gov.

40 Integrative Medicine • Vol. 19, No. S1 • Epub Ahead of Print Evans—Virus-Specific Nutraceutical and Botanical Agents